sat考试改革 01:hr在准备新SAT写作考试时,无论是日常习作或是考试现场,考生首先要做的一件事都是仔细揣摩作者意图。思考作者是怎样在文中搭建论据论点,并最终为全文逻辑服务的。 而你行文时使用的论点应当同时满足两个条件,一是恰好能为作者的问题给出答案,二是在表意清楚的前提下尽可能地简明扼要,避免为了追求语句华丽而堆叠词句。考生需要始终记住的一点是,一个强有力的论点应当首先是为整篇文章逻辑服务的一部分,其次才是赢取满意分数的工具。 美国大学理事会认为考生在组织语言成文前应当考虑加入文章中的几点是:证据、有逻辑的论据和有说服力的文体风格。在修辞学上,以上几点都是成就一篇文章不可或缺的因素。 以美国大学理事会官网给出的例题为例: prompt: Asyoureadthepassagebelow,considerhowPaulBogarduses evidence,suchasfactsorexamples,tosupportclaims。 reasoningtodevelopideasandtoconnectclaimsandevidence。 stylisticorpersuasiveelements,suchaswordchoiceorappealstoemotion,toaddpowertotheideasexpressed。 AdaptedfromPaulBogard,LetThereBeDark。2012byLosAngelesTimes。OriginallypublishedDecember21,2012。 AtmyfamilyscabinonaMinnesotalake,Iknewwoodssodarkthatmyhandsdisappearedbeforemyeyes。Iknewnightskiesinwhichmeteorsleftsmokytrailsacrosssugaryspreadsofstars。Butnow,when8of10childrenbornintheUnitedStateswillneverknowaskydarkenoughfortheMilkyWay,Iworrywearerapidlylosingnightsnaturaldarknessbeforerealizingitsworth。Thiswintersolstice,aswecheerthedaysgradualmovementbacktowardlight,letusalsoremembertheirreplaceablevalueofdarkness。 Alllifeevolvedtothesteadyrhythmofbrightdaysanddarknights。Today,though,whenwefeeltheclosenessofnightfall,wereachquicklyforalightswitch。Andtoolittledarkness,meaningtoomuchartificiallightatnight,spellstroubleforall。 AlreadytheWorldHealthOrganizationclassifiesworkingthenightshiftasaprobablehumancarcinogen,andtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhasvoiceditsunanimoussupportforlightpollutionreductioneffortsandglarereductioneffortsatboththenationalandstatelevels。Ourbodiesneeddarknesstoproducethehormonemelatonin,whichkeepscertaincancersfromdeveloping,andourbodiesneeddarknessforsleep。Sleepdisordershavebeenlinkedtodiabetes,obesity,cardiovasculardiseaseanddepression,andrecentresearchsuggestsonemaincauseofshortsleepislonglight。Whetherweworkatnightorsimplytakeourtablets,notebooksandsmartphonestobed,thereisntaplaceforthismuchartificiallightinourlives。 Therestoftheworlddependsondarknessaswell,includingnocturnalandcrepuscularspeciesofbirds,insects,mammals,fishandreptiles。Someexamplesarewellknownthe400speciesofbirdsthatmigrateatnightinNorthAmerica,theseaturtlesthatcomeashoretolaytheireggsandsomearenot,suchasthebatsthatsaveAmericanfarmersbillionsinpestcontrolandthemothsthatpollinate80oftheworldsflora。Ecologicallightpollutionislikethebulldozerofthenight,wreckinghabitatanddisruptingecosystemsseveralbillionyearsinthemaking。Simplyput,withoutdarkness,Earthsecologywouldcollapse。。。。 Intodayscrowded,louder,morefastpacedworld,nightsdarknesscanprovidesolitude,quietandstillness,qualitiesincreasinglyinshortsupply。Everyreligioustraditionhasconsidereddarknessinvaluableforasoulfullife,andthechancetowitnesstheuniversehasinspiredartists,philosophersandeverydaystargazerssincetimebegan。Inaworldawashwithelectriclight。。。howwouldVanGoghhavegiventheworldhisStarryNight?Whoknowswhatthisvisionofthenightskymightinspireineachofus,inourchildrenorgrandchildren? Yetallovertheworld,ournightsaregrowingbrighter。IntheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,theamountoflightintheskyincreasesanaverageofabout6everyyear。ComputerimagesoftheUnitedStatesatnight,basedonNASAphotographs,showthatwhatwasaverydarkcountryasrecentlyasthe1950sisnownearlycoveredwithablanketoflight。Muchofthislightiswastedenergy,whichmeanswasteddollars。Thoseofusover35areperhapsamongthelastgenerationtohaveknowntrulydarknights。EventhenorthernlakewherIwasluckytospendmysummershasseenitsdarknessdiminish。 Itdoesnthavetobethisway。Lightpollutionisreadilywithinourabilitytosolve,usingnewlightingtechnologiesandshieldingexistinglights。Already,manycitiesandtownsacrossNorthAmericaandEuropearechangingtoLEDstreetlights,whichofferdramaticpossibilitiesforcontrollingwastedlight。Othercommunitiesarefindingsuccesswithsimplyturningoffportionsoftheirpubliclightingaftermidnight。EvenParis,thefamedcityoflight,whichalreadyturnsoffitsmonumentlightingafter1a。m。,willthissummerstarttorequireitsshops,officesandpublicbuildingstoturnofflightsafter2a。m。Thoughprimarilydesignedtosaveenergy,suchreductionsinlightwillalsogofarinaddressinglightpollution。Butwewillnevertrulyaddresstheproblemoflightpollutionuntilwebecomeawareoftheirreplaceablevalueandbeautyofthedarknesswearelosing。 WriteanessayinwhichyouexplainhowPaulBogardbuildsanargumenttopersuadehisaudiencethatnaturaldarknessshouldbepreserved。Inyouressay,analyzehowBogardusesoneormoreofthefeaturesinthedirectionsthatprecedethepassage(orfeaturesofyourownchoice)tostrengthenthelogicandpersuasivenessofhisargument。Besurethatyouranalysisfocusesonthemostrelevantfeaturesofthepassage。 YouressayshouldnotexplainwhetheryouagreewithBogardsclaims,butratherexplainhowBogardbuildsanargumenttopersuadehisaudience。 看完这篇文章,你也许会被PaulBogard晦涩的行文风格难住,无法理解他究竟是怎么论证自己的观点LetThereBeDark。你破题的中心观点也许是PaulBogard在本文中使用了一些事实来渲染情绪。这个想法看起来有点粗糙,但确实表达了你对文章和作者的理解。值得注意的一点是,这句话并不涉及你是否同意作者的观点,也并不要求你表达自己对黑暗的理解和感受。不同于2016年之前SAT考试中对写作的要求,新版写作的评分体系中考生本人的观点除了分析文章和修辞技巧以外,并没有什么发挥的余地。 第一步,简明扼要的论点 01:hr在准备新SAT写作考试时,无论是日常习作或是考试现场,考生首先要做的一件事都是仔细揣摩作者意图。思考作者是怎样在文中搭建论据论点,并最终为全文逻辑服务的。 而你行文时使用的论点应当同时满足两个条件,一是恰好能为作者的问题给出答案,二是在表意清楚的前提下尽可能地简明扼要,避免为了追求语句华丽而堆叠词句。考生需要始终记住的一点是,一个强有力的论点应当首先是为整篇文章逻辑服务的一部分,其次才是赢取满意分数的工具。 美国大学理事会认为考生在组织语言成文前应当考虑加入文章中的几点是:证据、有逻辑的论据和有说服力的文体风格。在修辞学上,以上几点都是成就一篇文章不可或缺的因素。 以美国大学理事会官网给出的例题为例: prompt: Asyoureadthepassagebelow,considerhowPaulBogarduses evidence,suchasfactsorexamples,tosupportclaims。 reasoningtodevelopideasandtoconnectclaimsandevidence。 stylisticorpersuasiveelements,suchaswordchoiceorappealstoemotion,toaddpowertotheideasexpressed。 AdaptedfromPaulBogard,LetThereBeDark。2012byLosAngelesTimes。OriginallypublishedDecember21,2012。 AtmyfamilyscabinonaMinnesotalake,Iknewwoodssodarkthatmyhandsdisappearedbeforemyeyes。Iknewnightskiesinwhichmeteorsleftsmokytrailsacrosssugaryspreadsofstars。Butnow,when8of10childrenbornintheUnitedStateswillneverknowaskydarkenoughfortheMilkyWay,Iworrywearerapidlylosingnightsnaturaldarknessbeforerealizingitsworth。Thiswintersolstice,aswecheerthedaysgradualmovementbacktowardlight,letusalsoremembertheirreplaceablevalueofdarkness。 Alllifeevolvedtothesteadyrhythmofbrightdaysanddarknights。Today,though,whenwefeeltheclosenessofnightfall,wereachquicklyforalightswitch。Andtoolittledarkness,meaningtoomuchartificiallightatnight,spellstroubleforall。 AlreadytheWorldHealthOrganizationclassifiesworkingthenightshiftasaprobablehumancarcinogen,andtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhasvoiceditsunanimoussupportforlightpollutionreductioneffortsandglarereductioneffortsatboththenationalandstatelevels。Ourbodiesneeddarknesstoproducethehormonemelatonin,whichkeepscertaincancersfromdeveloping,andourbodiesneeddarknessforsleep。Sleepdisordershavebeenlinkedtodiabetes,obesity,cardiovasculardiseaseanddepression,andrecentresearchsuggestsonemaincauseofshortsleepislonglight。Whetherweworkatnightorsimplytakeourtablets,notebooksandsmartphonestobed,thereisntaplaceforthismuchartificiallightinourlives。 Therestoftheworlddependsondarknessaswell,includingnocturnalandcrepuscularspeciesofbirds,insects,mammals,fishandreptiles。Someexamplesarewellknownthe400speciesofbirdsthatmigrateatnightinNorthAmerica,theseaturtlesthatcomeashoretolaytheireggsandsomearenot,suchasthebatsthatsaveAmericanfarmersbillionsinpestcontrolandthemothsthatpollinate80oftheworldsflora。Ecologicallightpollutionislikethebulldozerofthenight,wreckinghabitatanddisruptingecosystemsseveralbillionyearsinthemaking。Simplyput,withoutdarkness,Earthsecologywouldcollapse。。。。 Intodayscrowded,louder,morefastpacedworld,nightsdarknesscanprovidesolitude,quietandstillness,qualitiesincreasinglyinshortsupply。Everyreligioustraditionhasconsidereddarknessinvaluableforasoulfullife,andthechancetowitnesstheuniversehasinspiredartists,philosophersandeverydaystargazerssincetimebegan。Inaworldawashwithelectriclight。。。howwouldVanGoghhavegiventheworldhisStarryNight?Whoknowswhatthisvisionofthenightskymightinspireineachofus,inourchildrenorgrandchildren? Yetallovertheworld,ournightsaregrowingbrighter。IntheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,theamountoflightintheskyincreasesanaverageofabout6everyyear。ComputerimagesoftheUnitedStatesatnight,basedonNASAphotographs,showthatwhatwasaverydarkcountryasrecentlyasthe1950sisnownearlycoveredwithablanketoflight。Muchofthislightiswastedenergy,whichmeanswasteddollars。Thoseofusover35areperhapsamongthelastgenerationtohaveknowntrulydarknights。EventhenorthernlakewherIwasluckytospendmysummershasseenitsdarknessdiminish。 Itdoesnthavetobethisway。Lightpollutionisreadilywithinourabilitytosolve,usingnewlightingtechnologiesandshieldingexistinglights。Already,manycitiesandtownsacrossNorthAmericaandEuropearechangingtoLEDstreetlights,whichofferdramaticpossibilitiesforcontrollingwastedlight。Othercommunitiesarefindingsuccesswithsimplyturningoffportionsoftheirpubliclightingaftermidnight。EvenParis,thefamedcityoflight,whichalreadyturnsoffitsmonumentlightingafter1a。m。,willthissummerstarttorequireitsshops,officesandpublicbuildingstoturnofflightsafter2a。m。Thoughprimarilydesignedtosaveenergy,suchreductionsinlightwillalsogofarinaddressinglightpollution。Butwewillnevertrulyaddresstheproblemoflightpollutionuntilwebecomeawareoftheirreplaceablevalueandbeautyofthedarknesswearelosing。 WriteanessayinwhichyouexplainhowPaulBogardbuildsanargumenttopersuadehisaudiencethatnaturaldarknessshouldbepreserved。Inyouressay,analyzehowBogardusesoneormoreofthefeaturesinthedirectionsthatprecedethepassage(orfeaturesofyourownchoice)tostrengthenthelogicandpersuasivenessofhisargument。Besurethatyouranalysisfocusesonthemostrelevantfeaturesofthepassage。 YouressayshouldnotexplainwhetheryouagreewithBogardsclaims,butratherexplainhowBogardbuildsanargumenttopersuadehisaudience。 看完这篇文章,你也许会被PaulBogard晦涩的行文风格难住,无法理解他究竟是怎么论证自己的观点LetThereBeDark。你破题的中心观点也许是PaulBogard在本文中使用了一些事实来渲染情绪。这个想法看起来有点粗糙,但确实表达了你对文章和作者的理解。值得注意的一点是,这句话并不涉及你是否同意作者的观点,也并不要求你表达自己对黑暗的理解和感受。不同于2016年之前SAT考试中对写作的要求,新版写作的评分体系中考生本人的观点除了分析文章和修辞技巧以外,并没有什么发挥的余地。 第二步,完整严密的证据链条 01:hr你的论点应当是整篇文章的灵魂和支撑点,为全文的主体结构指定了方向。仅就上文提到的例题而言,仅仅摘录原文作为依据提供动人的语言和有据可查的事实是远远不够的,你还需要分析你自己的例子来佐证作者总领全文的论点。 在LetThereBeDark这篇文章的开篇,Bogard回忆了他在明尼苏达州度过的童年,他使用了meteorsleftsmokytrailsacrosssugaryspreadsofstars。来形容童年记忆中天空的黑暗。 这是一段典型的、十分动人的文字。效用是可以迅速营造场景,同化读者的思绪,让读者从文字里感受到他脑海中再现的童年景致。他描述的场面被文字生动起来,并帮助读者感受到了几十年前,光污染还不甚严重时那个黑漆漆的曼妙夜空。而你可能也需要注意到Bogard使用了sugar这个词,与童年相呼应,强调了仙境的梦幻感。 需要再次重申,一定不要仅仅只是在文中罗列范例,相反,应当提出一个简单明晰的二级论点来总结你的废话。以上文举例,对于上一段我们着意分析的这句话,你可以这样在文中体现你的观点,即,Theauthorusespowerfulimagerythatcallsreaderstoimagineavanishingworldofchildlikeawerootedinthebeautyandmysteryofthenightsky。 你需要做的是重复作者说了什么,怎么说的,这句话的深意是什么以及这个片段是怎样与全文融为一体的。 而在考试作文提示(prompts)中提及的元素通常是最容易被考生化为己用的行文结构,如果时间实在紧迫,阅读全文有困难,也可以从prompts中敲定你的二级论点,你需要关注的是作者选择了哪些事实来支持他的观点,你的分析就应当主要围绕这些事实展开。 而往下梳理例题线索,我们不难发现作者使用的论据出现了导向分化,所以需要马上为这个现象做一个总结,Certainfactsestablishthatthenightskyisgrowingbrighterandthatlackofdarknesshasanegativeimpactonhealth。 最后,你需要关注的地方则是作者为什么选择这些论据来支持自己的观点,为什么又提到了健康而非只说美学这一个观点?他本可以简单的论证光污染使我们失去了美丽的夜空,但他又提到了光污染对健康的影响,那么根据这些证据判断,他的文章说服力是更强了还是更弱了呢? 这都是考生需要思考并融入文中的。最后,需要考生确保自己留足了时间来撰写一个说服力足够强大的结论,用以收拢前文千头万绪的线索文思。这一点说起来容易做起来却难,考生常常由于时间紧迫或是全局观欠缺等因素,在文章的最后只是简单总结了自己的观点,而忽略了一个点睛之笔对全文的升华作用。 第三步,无懈可击的结论 01:hr最后,需要考生确保自己留足了时间来撰写一个说服力足够强大的结论,用以收拢前文千头万绪的线索文思。这一点说起来容易做起来却难,考生常常由于时间紧迫或是全局观欠缺等因素,在文章的最后只是简单总结了自己的观点,而忽略了一个点睛之笔对全文的升华作用。 也许会有考生抱怨自己文采不够,很难在有限的时间里想出一个足够耀眼的点睛之笔,那么不如尝试使用一个总结段落来代替。相信我,即使文采不够亮眼,但总结段落的重要性是不言而喻的这是一个让结论与正文粘合在一起的绝佳方法。 而对于例题来说,结尾段可以这样写:Bogardsessaycalledonpowerfulimageryofamagicalchildhoodunderassaultfromafloodofwastefulandunnecessarylight。Themixofcold,hardfactswithemotionallyintenselanguagebuildstoawholethatisstrongerthanthesumofitsparts。